![]() Polycrystalline PV cells are consisting of a block of crystallized silicon in the form of multiple crystals. Their efficiency is 15%–24%, but their manufacturing is complex and expensive. Monocrystalline cells are solar cells made from silicon crystallized into a single crystal. The most used PV cells include monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon cells. Nevertheless, whatever the PV type, the efficiency of PV cells remains quite low it is between 8% and 25%. Each type is characterized by its own characteristics and performance. There are several types of photovoltaic cells. It is mainly found in the form of silicon dioxide (SiO 2) which is the main constituent of sand. It is found in very large quantities on our planet since it constitutes about 28% of the Earth's crust. The basic material currently used in photovoltaic systems is silicon. Raymond Adomatis, in Hybrid Energy System Models, 2021 6.8 Photovoltaic technologies based on silicon Performance and energetic modeling of hybrid PV systems coupled with battery energy storageĪrechkik Ameur. Polycrystalline solar cells typically have a slightly lower efficiency of 13–15% resulting in larger individual cells and thus typically a slightly larger module. In this process molten multifacet crystalline silicon is first poured into a large molding container and carefully cooled and solidified. Polycrystalline (multicrystaline) is made by sawing a cast square ingot block of silicon first into bars and then into wafers. They are now competitive with monocrystalline in efficiency but are less costly. Polycrystalline PV cells are slightly less efficient than monocrystalline but have improved efficiency over the last few years. These PV cells contain multiple silicon crystals which makes it easier to produce wafers in molds from multiple silicon crystal than from a single crystal, making it less expensive. Polycrystalline PV cells belong to the second type of first generation solar cells and are made from a slice cut from a block of silicon. Mass produced solar cells are less efficient and achieve only 10% efficiency. Monocrystalline PV cells are very efficient, approaching their theoretical efficiency in a semiconductor with bandgaps ranging from about 1.25 to 1.45 eV but are very expensive due to the manufacturing processes used to make them. Shockley and Queisser, in 1961, calculated the maximum thermodynamic efficiency for the conversion of unconcentrated irradiance into electrical free energy in the radiative limit to be 31%. Monocrystalline cells are more expensive to manufacture and typically have a slightly higher efficiency of 15–22% than do conventional polycrystalline cells. It is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors, metals, and salts with the most important application in the growth of large cylindrical ingots of single-crystal silicon. Monocrystalline PV cells use wafers, of about 0.3 mm thick, sawn from an Si ingot of single crystal silicon made by using Czochralski process that was discovered in 1916. These PV cells were developed in the 1950s as first generation solar cells. Monocrystalline PV cells belonging to the first generation of PV cells are made from a single crystal ingot of highly pure molten silicon usually crystalline silicon (c-Si). Salahuddin Qazi, in Standalone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems for Disaster Relief and Remote Areas, 2017 2.6.2.1 First Generation PV Cells Fundamentals of Standalone Photovoltaic Systems
0 Comments
Snoop through her kitchen the next time she invites you over to see what she already has.
![]() IStat Menus is genuinely outstanding and delivers one of the best user experiences possible. Pricing: Free for seven days and then a $9.99 per month Setapp subscription, or you can purchase it for $14.15 and can be upgraded for $11.79 (includes six months of weather data) Therefore, the built-in Activity is popular with beginners and casual users, while professionals use 3rd-party apps with more functionality and readily available data. Hence, third-party applications are better alternatives for the program. However, there are many features and information that it misses or hides due to Apple’s clutter-free and simple design idealogy. It can also force-quit any unresponsive application and help recover your Mac to a normal running state. The Activity monitor helps you by displaying the main processes and the percentage load on the CPU and GPU. However, if you want to have extra control over what you’re doing and the processes running, you would have to opt for the third-party solutions listed below. The Activity Monitor is a decent app from Apple and is ideally suited to beginners. Is the built-in Activity Monitor good enough? It also allows you to close and terminate all unresponsive tasks or tasks, hogging up too much performance. Note: The Activity Monitor shows you real-time usage and power consumption. The Tabs contain the following information – CPU, Memory, Energy, Disk Usage and Network. This is the Activity Monitor app, and here you’ll see five tabs and a list of entries that changes every few seconds.Then double-click on the “Activity Monitor”, which will bring up a window.Firstly, Go to your “Applications” folder and then to the “Utility” folder.So, how do you access the Activity Monitor? – Follow the steps below to get the activity monitor running for you. It is excellent for closing unresponsive applications and seeing real-time CPU, Network, Disk status or Energy usage. Your Mac comes with a built-in system monitoring application known as Activity Monitor. Let’s start with the standard: Activity Monitor ![]() For advanced system monitoring: iStatistica Pro.For performance monitoring and optimization: CleanMyMac X.Let’s start with the standard: Activity Monitor. ![]() As a Mac geek, I have been testing some system monitoring tools and I’m happy to share my favorites with you. If you are not sure, I’m glad you are here.
![]() ![]() We track a lot of different crossword puzzle providers to see where clues like " Word with tea or dessert" have been used in the past. Recent Usage of Word with tea or dessert in Crossword Puzzles Open wagon (to come after, not before, the horse).Vehicle you get into after you finish driving.Item used to move groceries through the store. ![]() Auto denter in a supermarket parking lot.Possibly related crossword clues for " Word with tea or dessert"īased on the answers listed above, we also found some clues that are possibly similar or related to Word with tea or dessert: Matching Crossword Puzzle Answers for "Word with tea or dessert"īelow is the complete list of answers we found in our database for Word with tea or dessert: If you are stuck trying to answer the crossword clue " Word with tea or dessert", and really can't figure it out, then take a look at the answers below to see if they fit the puzzle you're working on. The Crossword clue Light dessert for an elk, by the sound of it published 1 time/s & has 1 answer/s. We found 1 answers for this crossword clue. crossword clue report this adDisclaimerĪll intellectual property rights in and to Crosswords are owned by The Crossword's Publisher.If you're looking for all of the crossword answers for the clue " Word with tea or dessert" then you're in the right place. Fictional New England hometown of Jessica Fletcher on 16-Across: 3 wds.It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. Here are the possible solutions for 'Light creamy dessert set with gelatine' clue. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. 1971 documentary about Ravi Shankar crossword clue Todays crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Light creamy dessert set with gelatine.We have found 1 Answers for: Light whipped creamy dessert. Glimpses, like a classmate's exam crossword clue Light whipped creamy dessert Puzzles Crossword Clue What is the answer to the crossword clue Light whipped creamy dessert.Visa alternative, for short crossword clue.A Suitable Boy novelist Vikram crossword clue.Surname in a Janis Joplin song crossword clue.We think SPRITE is the possible answer on this clue. This answers first letter of which starts with S and can be found at the end of E. Screenwriter/actress Michaela crossword clue The crossword clue possible answer is available in 6 letters."I didn't expect to see you here!": 2 wds.Great _ (part of the UK) crossword clue.People in many tabloid articles, informally crossword clue.What most cars can run on crossword clue.One-named Chandelier singer crossword clue.Batteries for TV remotes crossword clue."Monday Night Football" channel crossword clue.Ones who go along without questioning crossword clue."Are you hungry?" "I could _" crossword clue.Black tie affair, perhaps crossword clue 1.Prepare Chole Masala Heat a pan, add 3 whole red chillies, 2 tbsp whole coriander, 1 tbsp fennel, 2 tbsp cumin, 3 black cardamoms, 3 green cardamoms and 10-12 black peppercorns.Puzzle that involves number placement crossword clue.Storage area below the roof crossword clue.People or Us Weekly, for short crossword clue.This page shows answers to the clue Dessert, followed by 6 definitions like The last course of a meal, A dish served as the last course of a meal and Cake, pie, fruit, pudding, ice cream, etc. Puzzle that features anagrams and a punny caption crossword clue Dessert Dessert (Crossword clue) We found 75 answers for Dessert.Light, airy dessert is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. Wood that sounds like "you"? crossword clue Light, airy dessert is a crossword puzzle clue.American ice cream-based dessert consisting of a peeled banana cut in half lengthwise. Dessert with light and dark streaks NYT Crossword Clue Answers are listed below and every time we find a new solution for this clue, we add it on the. _ Maiden (English heavy metal band) crossword clue 1M views 13 years ago Day lights come and they want to go home.Musical ending of many a YouTube video crossword clue.Middle of a tennis court crossword clue.Sticks you might scratch with crossword clue. ![]() Changes to documents in Word and PowerPoint on your Mac instantly update for all collaborators, while Excel spreadsheets refresh quickly after authors make changes. He doesn’t run or cycle as much as he should. Microsoft 365 shares the same code base across all platforms, allowing 365 users on Mac, iOS, and Windows to seamlessly collaborate in real time. In his spare time, Dan enjoys spending time with his family, watching sport and drinking beer. Dan has also given talks on upcoming tech trends.ĭan is completely platform agnostic, equally at home on Windows, macOS, Android and iOS and uses all four on a regular basis. For Microsoft 365 (Office) programs like Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Microsoft Teams, and other goods and services, Copilot is a new AI digital assistant developed with ChatGPT version 4 and Microsoft Graphs. As a tech pundit, Dan has also been quizzed and quoted for a wide variety places including BBC World Service and News Online, Sky News Swipe, The Sun, BBC Radios 4 and 5Live and has also been interviewed on Channel 4 News, ITV News and Sky News. Please visit this link to contact Microsoft Support. ![]() He has also written a book, 1000 Life Hacks, featuring lifestyle tips and tricks across various topics including tech, parenting, fashion, home and DIY. Contact - Microsoft Support Products Devices What's new Account & billing Templates More support Contact Microsoft Support This service is currently unavailable. Dan has also written for a huge amount of magazines and websites including The Big Issue, MacFormat, Maximum PC, Official PlayStation magazine and Web User. He was also part of the team that launched TechRadar where he rose to deputy editor. Based near Bath, UK, Dan stepped up to Pocket-lint from T3.com where he relaunched the UK lifestyle and technology site after a spell launching and editing Lifehacker UK. According to a message in the Office 365 Message Center, Microsoft announced today that they will be retiring co-editor chat access inside of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint across all versions of Mac. He’s a regular at tech shows like CES, Mobile World Congress (MWC) and IFA as well as other launches and events. To set preferences for how conversations are displayed in the message list, on the Outlook menu, click Preferences, and then under Email, click Reading. Dan Grabham is the former associate editor at Pocket-lint working across features, news and reviews and has extensive experience writing about computing, mobile and internet topics. ![]() Outposts will allow you to claim a territory, and can be attached to cities to lend their production to the mothership. It’s a game not just of cities, but of outposts. They mesh together well, but it’s a couple original ideas that impressed me most: the way the game handles cities is stellar, and the way combat is handled keeps fighting interesting regardless of each parties’ technological advances. However, it quickly becomes apparent that Humankind has a wider pool of interests than just Firaxis’ series, despite the aesthetic similarities. After the briefest of tutorials I fell back on years of Civ knowledge and found myself able to easily play the game, but if you look at any of these screenshots you could be fooled into thinking you were looking at Civ. This shouldn’t be surprising, Humankind is fairly blatantly Civilization, taking cues from the game for a tech tree, UI, and even the way you move your tiny men around to paint the map a more amenable colour. These are backed up by narrative pop-ups similar to something seen in Hearts Of Iron 4 or Stellaris: narrative missives that help you set the path for the way your society works, whether it’s how you deal with a thief hoarding supplies in your small settlement, or how your leader will deal with fame in the digital age of a huge empire.ĭespite all of these complex systems, it plays out much the same as a standard game of Civ. All of your holy sites and all of your faith generation amounts to nothing as you approach the contemporary era because, hey, religion just isn’t given the same weight anymore. It feels essential in the early game, but eventually you’ll progress past it, either embracing the religion as an antiquity, or setting your culture into Atheism. Later, you’ll progress past that as your researchers discover organised labour, sparing your population from being grist to the construction mill. During your progress through the tech tree you’ll gain the ability to sacrifice members of the population through overwork to finish a building. Humankind exudes confidence in the way that it brings fully fleshed out elements for a short time in each game before doing away with them. Over time, the ability to hunt animals and interact with these tribes fades away as you start to focus more on the culture of politicking. Game elements also fade in and out – early on you’ll interact with independent tribes, paying them off with influence or gold to become their patron, before either hiring them as mercenaries or using a shedload of influence to just absorb them into your empires. You can’t build them anymore – they’re in your culture’s past – but they continue to influence how you play. As you shed your old cultures, you keep the ability to produce their unique units, and you still get benefits from their previous buildings. ![]() You’ll pick a new culture to transcend into with each era, meaning you could start as the science-driven Babylonians but over time end up embodying the culture of the Medieval British (their farmers provide manufacturing power) before finally, in the contemporary era, settling into a Japanese way of life.Įach culture has their own unique bonus, units and buildings. READ MORE: ‘Glitchpunk’ offers a cyberpunk take on both ‘Grand Theft Auto’ and early access instabilityįrom your first moments as a Neolithic tribe, exploring the land, skirmishing with the other tribes, and even trying to hunt the occasional elephant, you’re constantly thinking about the future. The difference is, Humankind makes you consider the legacy you leave behind. H umankind, like most of the 4X games – that’s Explore, Expand, Exploit, and Exterminate, to save you the Google – it takes inspiration from, is a game about building empires. If you don’t see the symbol or kaomoji sections using the emoji panel, it’s because you’re not running the version that supports this feature. Once you’ve completed the steps, you can insert the symbol by right-clicking and selecting the Paste option (or using the Ctrl + V keyboard shortcut). Search for Character Map and click the top result to open the experience. How to insert symbols using Character MapĪlternatively, you can still use the old Character Map app to insert symbols on any text file or social media post using these steps: Quick Tip: If you don’t find the symbol that you need, at the bottom of the picker, you can switch between the different types of symbols available, including punctuation, currency, geometric, math, Latin, and language.Īfter completing the steps, the symbols you use more frequently will appear in the most recently used tab to make it even easier to select them the next time. (Or the character face button to access the available kaomoji.) Use the Windows key + (period) or Windows key + (semicolon) keyboard shortcut to open the emoji panel.Ĭlick the Omega button to access the symbols. To insert symbols or kaomoji on Windows 10, use these steps: ![]() How to insert symbols using Character Map.How to insert symbols using emoji panel.In this guide, you’ll learn the easy steps to insert symbols and kaomoji into your documents, text files, emails, and social media posts on Windows 10. ![]() Starting with version 1903, May 2019 Update, Windows 10 is updating the emoji panel to include symbols and kaomoji (face characters), so you no longer have to remember Alt key codes or use extra steps. This is similar to typing in emojis on Android devices and iPhones & iPads.On Windows 10, if you ever wrote an email or document, you know how inconvenient can be to remember the Alt key codes or having to search online to insert symbols (such as em dash, more than and less than, arrows, etc.) into your text or social media post. Windows 11 touch keyboard offers the support for emojis and you can type in any emoji on the touch screen. Step 3: Click on any emoji to any application. Step 2: After opening the emoji keyboard, you can tap on the smiling face icon or right-facing arrowhead to view the emoji list. Step 1: To access or use emojis in Windows 11, press the Win key and full stop (. If you are interested in the emoji keyboard, how can you access it to use emojis in Windows 11? There are two ways for you to type, use, or add emojis. How to Open Emoji Keyboard on Windows 11? In addition to these features, Windows 11 emoji keyboard presents a concise and neat layout, offers short horizontal lines or dashes in the top for better mobility, and gives you a clear view. Besides, the emoji list is arranged separately, which reduces confusion and makes it easy to identify and use. Compared to Windows 10, they are more dynamic. Better EmojisĮmojis in Windows 11 emoji keyboard are better and bigger. From that section, you can find recently copied information in visual or text form. There is a new feature in Windows 11 emoji keyboard and it is clipboard history. In each section, there is a direct search box and search icon. In Windows 11, the new OS makes the emoji search process easier and simpler. Besides, a search option is given to you so that you can easily search for the GIFs you need. You can find some popular and widely available GIFs. In addition to the standard emojis, symbols, and emoticons that are accessible in Windows 10, there is a new section – GIF. What’s New in Windows 11 Emoji Keyboard GIF ![]() ![]() See the next part to know the new features in the emoji keyboard on Windows 11. They are designed based on Microsoft’s Fluent Design and the new emojis are modern, colorful, and more fun. Compared to Windows 10, Windows 11 emojis get a great improvement. When using a phone, you can easily use or type emojis since there is a dedicated feature or option on its keyboard.Īctually, on your Windows 10 and 11 PC, you can still use emojis. Almost every platform and device like Android, iPhone, etc. Without interesting emojis, no chat conversation is complete. Emojis have become an essential part of your digital life since they can help better express emotions and convey your point of view during communication with others. ![]() Hot Wheels was invented by a team of Mattel inventors, which included a rocket scientist and a car designer. On May 18, 1968, Hot Wheels was released to the market. In 1967, Mattel released Major Matt Mason, another toy astronaut. Barbie traveled to the moon four years before Neil Armstrong. That year also saw the release of Astronaut Barbie, the first of many space-themed Barbies. In 1965, the company built on its success with the Chatty Cathy doll to introduce the See 'n Say talking toy, spawning a line of products. The original Barbie Dreamhouse appeared in 1962, and was made with cardboard and paper. Mattel also acquired a number of like-minded companies during the 1960s (see table below). The company went public in 1960, and became listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1963. In 1960, Mattel introduced Chatty Cathy, a talking doll that was voiced by June Foray and revolutionized the toy industry, leading to pull-string talking dolls and toys flooding the market throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The Barbie doll debuted on March 9, 1959, going on to become the company's best-selling toy in history. Mattel ultimately acquired Fisher-Price on August 20, 1993. ![]() 1957 saw the release of the Fisher-Price Corn Popper, and the Xylophone. Mattel started advertising on TV when it became the first sponsor of the Mickey Mouse Club TV series. Carter and Abe Bookman the toy is now owned by Mattel. In 1950, the Magic 8-Ball was invented by Albert C. The company was incorporated in 1948 in Hawthorne, California. In 1947, the company had its first hit toy, a ukulele called "Uke-A-Doodle". Matson sold his share and stake to the Handlers due to poor health the following year, when Handler's wife, Ruth took over. The company began selling picture frames, and later, dollhouse furniture out of offcuts from those frames. Harold "Matt" Matson, Ruth Handler, and Elliot Handler founded Mattel as Mattel Creations in January 1945 in a garage in Los Angeles. ![]() The name of the company is a portmanteau of the names of two of the company's founders: the surname of Harold Matson and the first name of Elliot Handler. Two of its historic and most valuable brands, Barbie and Hot Wheels, were respectively named the top global toy property and the top-selling global toy of the year for 20 by The NPD Group, a global information research company. It is the world's second largest toy maker in terms of revenue, after The Lego Group. The company operates through three business segments: North America, International, and American Girl. The company has presence in 35 countries and territories and sells products in more than 150 countries. ( / m ə ˈ t ɛ l/ mə- TEL) is an American multinational toy manufacturing company founded in January 1945 and headquartered in El Segundo, California. Let binaryData = new Uint8Array(atob(encodedValue).split(""). You can also decode the Base64 encoded ASCII text to binary data in JavaScript using the atob() function: let encodedValue = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=" In the above, you first converted Unicode values to characters and then encoded the string. Let stringValue = (null, binaryData) Ĭonsole.log(stringValue) // "Hello World"Ĭonsole.log(encodedValue) // SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ= You can also encode binary data to Base64 encoded ASCII text in JavaScript using the btoa() function: let binaryData = new Uint8Array() You now know how to encode and decode Base64 in JavaScript. This function takes the encoded value and decodes it from Base64: let myString = "Welcome to freeCodeCamp!" Ĭonsole.log(decodedValue) // Welcome to freeCodeCamp! You can also decode the encodedValue back to its original form using the atob() function. The following script provides a text area to. For example, if you have a string stored in a variable, as seen below, you can first encode it to Base64: let myString = "Welcome to freeCodeCamp!" Ĭonsole.log(encodedValue) // V2VsY29tZSB0byBmcmVlQ29kZUNhbXAh Base64 decoding and encoding in JavaScript is handled through the atob() and btoa() functions respectively. You can encode a string to base64 in JavaScript using the btoa() function and decode a base64 string using atob() function. These JavaScript helper functions are named after old Unix commands for converting binary to ASCII (btoa) and ASCII to binary (atob). To encode and decode in JavaScript, you will use the btoa() and atob() JavaScript functions that are available and supported by modern web browsers. How to Encode and Decode HTML Base64 using JavaScript The resulting binary data is a reconstruction of the original binary data encoded to Base64. It takes a Base64 encoded string and maps each character back to its 6-bit binary representation. The result is a string of ASCII characters that can be transmitted or stored as text.īase64 decoding is the reverse process of encoding. The encoding process takes 3 bytes of binary data and maps it to 4 characters from the above set, such that a single character represents every 6 bits of binary data. The 64 characters used in Base64 encoding are: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, and /. It is commonly used to encode data that needs to be stored or transmitted in a way that cannot be directly represented as text.īase64 encoding works by mapping binary data to 64 characters from the ASCII character set. What is Base64?īase64 is a group of binary-to-text encoding schemes representing binary data in ASCII string format. In this article, you will learn about Base64 and how it works to convert binary data, regular strings, and lots more into ASCII text. This is possible thanks to two Base64 helper functions that are part of the HTML specification and are supported by all modern browsers. When building an application or writing a program, you may need to encode or decode with HTML Base64 in JavaScript. ![]() The higher the quality of the scan, the better the quality of the finished product. We recommend using a flatbed scanner to capture the pages in 300dpi to preserve the quality and integrity of the images. In this case there are processes and tools you may use to capture your printed material and convert it to digital assets which you may then embed in the EPUB. When preparing your content for conversion to EPUB it is often necessary to digitize your content in a case where the piece of content may be a printed book or a PDF. It is essential in this process to involve persons with disabilities or DPOs (Disabled Persons Organizations) to better adapt content so it fulfills the needs of actual users with disabilities.Ĭlick here to learn about applying UDL principles for content adaptations. It is important to think about the ways that content may be adapted to make best use of the accessible format and modifying the traditional ways text and exercises are presented so that they are accessible to persons of different types of disabilities and learning styles. When producing an accessible EPUB from your content. The software and tools you use will depend on the type of content being authored, access to resources, technical skills and the desired output.įor example, some EPUB authoring platforms will prioritize simplicity over versatility, while others may require detailed knowledge of HTML or CSS or cater to specialized elements such as interactivity or accessibility.Ĭlick here to learn about software and tools to use. To author an accessible EPUB there are many software and tools available both free, open source and paid for every step in the process from pre-production to digitization to content authoring, accessibility authoring, packaging and validation. Read about the anatomy of an EPUB and learn the internal structure.Ĭlick here to read EDR lab’s anatomy of an EPUBĬlick here to read IDPFs ePub Standard here (3.0.1)Ĭlick here to read w3c’s new ePub 3.2 standard Many of the authoring tools that produce EPUBs require further editing after export to make the EPUB fully accessible. In this guide we will look at the more commonly utilized techniques for authoring accessible EPUBs and provide links to resources and guides you may refer to when putting together your book.Īt the bottom of the page, we have included references for other resources you can use when building accessible EPUBs.Ī knowledge of the structure and standards for EPUBs is necessary to complete the process of adapting your content to an accessible ePub. EPUB 3.2 Changes from EPUB 3.0.Creating an accessible EPUB involves a number of steps that can vary slightly depending on the type of content authoring tools being used, and the features you want to include.The latest version of the EPUB spec is 3.2, but it is still in draft format as of late October 2018. The following list is the complete list (as of October 2018) of all the EPUB specifications. The website is a collaboration between BISG, DAISY Consortium and the IDPF to provide a unified home for the definitive EPUB 3 Reading System Conformance Testsuite. ![]() An online version of the tools is available here. The latest stable build is typically linked to from epubcheck’s main page, but can also be found by clicking on the Downloads tab. epubcheck is currently hosted on a github project under the same name. The epubcheck tool is the gold standard as far as EPUB 3 validation goes. DAISY has pulled together a page here which provides best practices for creating accessible EPUBs. There is a range of guidance available for creating Accessible EPUB files - some high level and some more technical. EPUB Resources Accessibility - EPUB 3 Resources and Guidance |